Deep Contestations and the Resilience of the Liberal International Order
Thomas Risse
The Liberal International Order (LIO) has proven to be remarkably resilient in its history since World War II and has managed to thrive in the face of previous deep contestations. It is premature to count the LIO out resulting from the contemporary deep contestations. The paper starts with a brief history of the LIO and then discusses three causes for the contemporary deep contestations – intrusiveness without inclusiveness, inequality, and incapacity (to solve urgent global problems). In addition, there are the regime survival interests of autocratic powers, whether rising (China) or in decline (Russia). The paper also looks at possible sources of resilience of the LIO. The LIO survive depending on a) the reaction by LIO defenders to the deep contestations; b) reform of crucial LIO institutions toward greater inclusiveness; and c) effective institutional solutions with regard to tackling both global inequalities and the existential threat of climate change.